Meaning Of Intelligence :- Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of learning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. It means a given person's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria.
Concepts of '' intelligence '' are attempts to clarify and organise this complex set of phenomena. Therefor intelligence is defined as '' the ability to learn from experience, solve problems , and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations ''.
Intelligence involves different mental abilities including logic , reasoning , problem -solving and planning .
Intelligence is a cognitive process involving rational and abstract thinking . It is a goal directed and purposeful .
Definitions Of Intelligence :- Intelligence has been defined in many ways by many psychologists -
ACCORDING TO COLVIN , '' Intelligence is the ability to learn to adjust to new circumstances ''.
ACCORDING TO CYRIL BURT , '' Intelligence is the capacity for flexible adjustment ''.
ACCORDING TO TERMAN , '' Intelligence is the ability to think in terms of abstract ideas''.
ACCORDING TO STERN , '' Intelligence is a general capacity of an individual to consciously adjust his thinking t aao new requirements . It is the general mental adaptability to new problems and conditions in life ''.
ACCORDING TO DAVID WESCHSLER , '' Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment ''.
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE :-
Types of intelligence are as follows :-
1. CONCRETE INTELLIGENCE - It is the ability of an individual to comprehend actual situations and to react to them adequately . This types of intelligence is applicable when the individual is handling concrete objects or medicines . Engineers, mechanics, and architects have this type of intelligence.
2. ABSTRACT INTELLIGENCE - It is the ability to respond to words , numbers and symbols. This is acquired after an intensive study of books and literature . Good teachers , lawyers , doctors , philosophers etc have this type of intelligence .
3. SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE - It is the ability to understand social situations and act wisely in human relationship . Socially intelligent people know the art of winning friends and influence them . Leaders , ministers , salesman , and diplomats are socially intelligent .
PRINCIPLES / THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE :-
1. Unitary theory or Monarchic theory :- According to this theory , intelligence is regarded as an adaptiveness which enables a creature to adjust itself to changing environment. People holding this view believe in inborn all round mental efficiency as a sign of intelligence .
2. Anarchic theory or Multifactor theory :- Multifactor theory of intelligence was developed by E.L Thorndike. He opposed the theory of general Intelligence. The theory maintains that from a man's ability to do one kind of work we can infer absolutely nothing as to his ability to do another kind of works.
3. Spearman's Two factor theory :- The english psychologist , Charles Spearman , 1904 proposed his theory of intelligence called two factor theory.
According to him intellectual abilities are comprised of two factors , namely -
a) General factor (g) :
♦️ Universal inborn ability.
♦️General mental energy.
♦️ It is used in every life activity.
b) Specific factor (s) :
♦️ It is learned and acquired in environment.
♦️ Individual differ in amount of 's' .
♦️ It varies from activity to activity in the same individual .
4. Thurstone's group factor theory :- Louis Thurstone came out with the group factor theory (1937) saying that Intelligence is a cluster of abilities . These mental operations then constitute a group, each group has its own primary factor , these factors are independent of others.
He pointed out that there were seven primary mental abilities and later on added two more i.e., Deductive reasoning and problem solving ability factor .
5. G.H. Thomson's sampling theory :- According to the sampling theory , every test samples a certain range of the elementary human abilities ; some with a wide range , some with a narrow range . He believes in a 'g' factor or general ability , but it is not a basic entity . It is a constant combination of the ability elements.
6. Vernon's hierarchical theory :- Vernon's theory suggests that Intelligence test measure an overall factor 'g' as well as two main types of mental abilities . The major group factors are :-
a) V:ed factor - Verbal and educational abilities.
b) K:m factor - Spatial , practical and mechanical abilities.
These two major factors can be divided into minor group factors such as mechanical , manual and ultimately these minor factors can be further divided into various specific factors.
7. Guilford 's structure of intelligence :- Guilford 's said that mind is constructed with at least three dimensions not by multipolar mode of intelligence . The three basic dimensions or parameters known as -
a) Content - kind of information on which operation is performed.
b) Operation - Mental process performed by human (e.g. thinking , memory ).
c) Product - The result obtained after applying a particular operation on particular content .
:- J.C Raven -:
John Carlyle Raven was born in London on 28 June 1902 . He was an English Psychologist known for his contribution to psychometrics .
Both his undergraduate and post graduate studies were formally under the direction of Francis Aveling at king's college , London.
As an undergraduate , he became friendly with Charles Spearman , this relationship led to an introduction to Lionel Penrose, who was a geneticist and conducting an investigation of the genetic and environmental origins of mental deficiency and needed an assistant. This involved administering the stanford binet intelligence scales tests to all parents and sibling of children identified as mentally deficient by the school system in East Anglia. Around this time, he met his wife Mary Elizabeth wild .
Raven retired in May 1964.
Description Of The Test : -
The SPM test was originally developed by J.C.Raven. This test is typically used to measure general human intelligence.
It is one of the most common test administrated to both groups and individuals ranging from 6.5 years to 15.5 years. It comprises multiple choice questions, listed in order of increasing difficulty. In each test item , the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes the pattern.
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